BASIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 I. Introduction 1. Energy 2. Matter a. Elements 1) Chemical (atomic) symbols II. Atom 1. Protons, neutrons, & electrons a. Nucleus 2. Charge 3. Differences 1) Atomic Number (Z) III. Electrons A. Placement 1. electron orbitals (shells) B. Orbital capacities 1. Filled a. chemically inert 1) noble gases b. Valence IV. Bonds A. Bond Background 1. molecules a. macromolecules 1) cells 2. Ion a. Symbols 1) cation 2) anion B. Ionic bond 1. Transfer 2. Repercussions C. Covalent Bond 1. Sharing V. Writing bonded atoms A. Formulas 1. Molecular formula 2. Structural formula VI. Polar & NonPolar Covalent Bonds A. Polar covalent bonds 1. Electronegativity 2. Effect a. somewhat negative b. somewhat positive B. Non-polar covalent bonds C. Consequences 1. Solubilities a. solute b. solvent D. Hydrogen Bonds 1. Note: a. weak VII. Chemical Reactions 1. Reactant 2. Product A. Chemical equation B. Types of reactions 1. Synthesis reaction 2. Decomposition reaction 3. Exchange reaction