Joints Chapter 9

   I. Background
      A. Joints = articulations
      B. Functions
  II. Classification
      A. Movement or functional
         1. synarthroses
         2. amphiarthroses
         3. diarthroses
      B. Structurally
         1. Fibrous Joints
            a. sutures
            b. syndesmoses
            c. gomphoses
         2. Cartilaginous Joints
            a. synchondroses
            b. symphyses
         3. Synovial Joints
            a. structure
               1) articular cartilage
               2) joint cavity
               3) articular capsule
                  a) fibrous capsule
                  b) synovial membrane
               4) synovial fluid
               5) reinforcing ligaments
                  a) extrinsic ligaments
                  b) intrinsic ligaments
                  c) intracapsular ligaments
            b. menisci & articular discs
            c. bursae
               1) bursitis
 III. Movement
      A. Range of Motion
         1. uniaxial
         2. biaxial
         3. multiaxial
      B. Movements
         1. gliding
         2. angular
            a. Flexion
            b. Extension
            c. Abduction
            d. Adduction
         3. special Case
            a. Circumduction
         4. Rotation
            a. medial
            b. lateral
      C. Special Movements
         1. movement of radius around ulna
            a. Supination
            b. Pronation
         2. Movement of foot and ankle
            a. Inversion
            b. Eversion
            c. Dorsiflexion
            d. Plantar flexion
         3. Movement parallel to ground
            a. Protraction
            b. Retraction
         4. Movement Up & Down
            a. Elevation
            b. Depression
         5. Opposition
         6. Hyperextension

  IV. Types of Synovial Joints
      A. Plane joints
      B. Hinge joints
      C. Pivot joints
      D. Condyloid joints = Ellipsoidal joints
      E. Saddle joints
      F. Ball-and-Socket joints