Respiratory System

1. Background
   1. Respiration processes
      1. pulmonary ventilation
      2. external respiration
      3. transport
      4. internal respiration
2. Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
   1. Conducting zone
      1. Nose
         1. external nose
            1. nasal septum
            2. nostrils
            1. parts
               1. root
               2. bridge
               3. dorsum nasi
               4. apex
               5. ala
               6. philtrum
         2. nasal cavity
         3. paranasal sinuses
         4. functions
            1. cleans
            2. warms
            3. humidifies
            4. olfaction
            5. resonating chamber
      2. Pharynx
         1. nasopharynx
            1. eustachian tubes
            2. pharyngeal tonsil
         2. oropharynx
            1. two tonsils here
               1. palatine tonsils
               2. lingual tonsil
         3. laryngopharynx
      3. Larynx
         1. anatomy
            1. thyroid cartilage
            • laryngeal prominence
            1. epiglottis
            2. vocal folds
         2. voice production
      4. Trachea
      5. Bronchial tree
         1. bronchioles
      6. wall structure changesRespiratory zone
      7. alveolar duct
      8. alveolar sacs
      9. alveoli
         1. structure
            1. type I alveolar cells
            2. type II alveolar cells
               1. surfactant fluid
            3. alveolar macrophages
            4. basement membrane
         2. surface area
3. Lungs
   1. Function
   2. Location
   3. Gross anatomy
   4. Lobes
   5. Hilum
   6. Pleurae
      1. parietal pleura
      2. visceral pleura
      3. pleural cavity
         1. pleural fluid
4. Process of Breathing
   1. Pressure Relationships
      1. Atmospheric pressure - (Patm)
      2. Volume relationship
         1. Boyle's law
   2. Inspiration = Inhalation
      1. diaphragm
      2. external intercostal muscles
   3. Expiration = Exhalation
      1. passive
      2. forced expiration
5. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
   1. Tidal volume (TV)
   2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
   3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
   4. Residual volume (RV)
   5. Vital capacity
   6. Total lung capacity
6. Control of Respiration
   1. Respiratory center
      1. ventral respiratory group (VRG) = inspiratory center
      2. dorsal respiratory group (DRG) = expiratory center
   2. Trigger
   3. Conscious controlVentilation & Perfusion
   4. Diffusion
   5. Ventilation = External respiration
   6. Perfusion = Internal respiration
7. Transport
   1. O2 transport
      1. oxyhemoglobin
      1. hemoglobin
         1. color
   2. CO2 transport
      1. plasma
      2. carbaminohemoglobin
      3. bicarbonate ion
         1. carbonic anhydrase
8. Homeostatic Imbalances
   1. Hypoxia
      1. cyanosis
   2. CO poisoning
   3. Emphysema
   4. Asthma
   5. Tuberculosis (TB)